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  2. Counter-economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-economics

    Counter-economics is the study of the Counter-Economy and its practices. The Counter-Economy includes the free market, the Black Market, the "underground economy," all acts of civil and social disobedience, all acts of forbidden association (sexual, racial, cross-religious), and anything else the State, at any place or time, chooses to prohibit ...

  3. Countervalue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countervalue

    The line of reasoning is that if an aggressor strikes first with nuclear weapons against an opponent's countervalue targets, such an attack, by definition, does not degrade its opponent's military capacity to retaliate. The opposing view counters that countervalue targeting is neither moral nor credible because, if an aggressor strikes first ...

  4. Countersignaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersignaling

    Countersignaling or countersignalling is the behavior in which agents with the highest level of a given property invest less into proving it than individuals with a medium level of the same property.

  5. Loss aversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion

    Increased expected value maximization with losses – It was found that individuals are more likely to select choice options with higher expected value (namely, mean outcome) in tasks where outcomes are framed as losses than when they are framed as gains. Yechiam and Hochman found that this effect occurred even when the alternative producing ...

  6. Anti-consumerism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism

    The success of the book and the film comes despite the author Chuck Palahniuk publicly stating that the story is both anticonsumerist and anticommericialist. [ 44 ] In the novel American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis , the protagonist Patrick Bateman criticizes the consumerist society of America in the 1980s of which he is a personification.

  7. Counterfactual thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking

    Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened.

  8. Mental accounting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_accounting

    Acquisition value is the money that one is ready to part with for physically acquiring some good. [15] Transaction value is the value one attaches to having a good deal. [15] If the price that one is paying is equal to the mental reference price for the good, the transaction value is zero.

  9. Motivation crowding theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation_crowding_theory

    Motivation crowding theory is the theory from psychology and microeconomics suggesting that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for performing that behavior.