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Most commonly used are liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, which boil at very low temperatures, below −153 °C (120 K), as well as hydrocarbons with low freezing points and refrigerating mixtures. [1] Pure indium wire or solder preform washers are accepted as the most reliable low temperature sealing materials.
In vacuum applications, a cold trap is a device that condenses all vapors except the permanent gases (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) into a liquid or solid. [ 2 ] [ needs update ] The most common objective is to prevent vapors being evacuated from an experiment from entering a vacuum pump where they would condense and contaminate it.
One manifold is connected to a source of purified inert gas, while the other is connected to a vacuum pump. The inert-gas line is vented through an oil bubbler, while solvent vapors and gaseous reaction products are prevented from contaminating the vacuum pump by a liquid-nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone cold trap.
This problem can be solved by purging the vacuum system with dry pure nitrogen before pump down. In purged system with aspirator rough pumping ultimate pressures of 10 −4 mbar for a single sorption pump and 10 −7 mbar for sequential pumping can be reached. [3] A typical source of dry pure nitrogen would be a liquid nitrogen Dewar head space.
The leak occurred on Jan. 28 when a new freezing line expelled liquid nitrogen vapor into a basement-level room of the Gainesville plant. OSHA proposes $1M in fines for deadly nitrogen leak at ...
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