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  2. Bounds checking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounds_checking

    A limited number of later CPUs have specialised instructions for checking bounds, e.g., the CHK2 instruction on the Motorola 68000 series. Research has been underway since at least 2005 regarding methods to use x86's built-in virtual memory management unit to ensure safety of array and buffer accesses. [ 4 ]

  3. Integer overflow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow

    The register width of a processor determines the range of values that can be represented in its registers. Though the vast majority of computers can perform multiple-precision arithmetic on operands in memory, allowing numbers to be arbitrarily long and overflow to be avoided, the register width limits the sizes of numbers that can be operated on (e.g., added or subtracted) using a single ...

  4. Off-by-one error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-by-one_error

    Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.

  5. Interval arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_arithmetic

    The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.

  6. Error function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function

    Given a complex number z, there is not a unique complex number w satisfying erf w = z, so a true inverse function would be multivalued. However, for −1 < x < 1 , there is a unique real number denoted erf −1 x satisfying erf ⁡ ( erf − 1 ⁡ x ) = x . {\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} \left(\operatorname {erf} ^{-1}x\right)=x.}

  7. Condition number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_number

    Condition numbers can also be defined for nonlinear functions, and can be computed using calculus.The condition number varies with the point; in some cases one can use the maximum (or supremum) condition number over the domain of the function or domain of the question as an overall condition number, while in other cases the condition number at a particular point is of more interest.

  8. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python supports normal floating point numbers, which are created when a dot is used in a literal (e.g. 1.1), when an integer and a floating point number are used in an expression, or as a result of some mathematical operations ("true division" via the / operator, or exponentiation with a negative exponent).

  9. Range (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(computer_programming)

    When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together". [1] It is argued [1] that "Ranges are a superior abstraction" (compared to iterators) for several reasons, including better safety. In particular, such ranges are supported in C++20, [2] Boost C++ Libraries [3] and the D standard library. [4]