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Turpentine is composed of terpenes, primarily the monoterpenes alpha-and beta-pinene, with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, limonene, and terpinolene. [3] Substitutes include white spirit or other petroleum distillates – although the constituent chemicals are very different. [4]
The terpene alpha-pinene is a major component of the common solvent, turpentine. The one terpene that has major applications is natural rubber (i.e., polyisoprene). The possibility that other terpenes could be used as precursors to produce synthetic polymers has been investigated. Many terpenes have been shown to have pharmacological effects.
The provitamin beta carotene is a terpene derivative called a carotenoid. The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors. Sometimes terpenoids are added to proteins, e.g., to enhance their attachment to the cell membrane; this is known as isoprenylation.
Δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC, [a] Δ 8-THC) is a psychoactive cannabinoid found in the cannabis plant. [1] It is an isomer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC, Δ 9-THC), the compound commonly known as THC, with which it co-occurs in hemp; natural quantities of ∆ 8-THC found in hemp are low.
Structural formula of indole. Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids.
Of the several terpenes extracted from Humulus lupulus (hops), the largest monoterpenes fraction is β-myrcene. One study of the chemical composition of the fragrance of Cannabis sativa found β-myrcene to compose between 29.4% and 65.8% of the steam-distilled essential oil for the set of fiber and drug strains tested. [ 8 ]