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In 1963, Wilson, who the year before had already discovered the trace pheromones of ants, and William H. Bossert introduced the term releaser and primer pheromones for this purpose, to distinguish the behavior-controlling effect of, for example, sex attractants from the pheromones that interfere with the endocrine system of the receiver.
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō) 'to bear' and hormone) is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. [1]
Trail pheromones are semiochemicals secreted from the body of an individual to affect the behavior of another individual receiving it. Trail pheromones often serve as a multi purpose chemical secretion that leads members of its own species towards a food source, while representing a territorial mark in the form of an allomone to organisms outside of their species. [1]
Pheromones can be used instead of insecticides in orchards. Pest insects are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating. Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals.
Ant paths built from pheromone traces. Stigmergy (/ ˈ s t ɪ ɡ m ər dʒ i / STIG-mər-jee) is a mechanism of indirect coordination, through the environment, between agents or actions. [1] The principle is that the trace left in the environment by an individual action stimulates the performance of a succeeding action by the same or different ...
Chamaesphecia empiformis on a red rubber septum pheromone lure. A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap.
An ant mill is an observed phenomenon in which a group of army ants, separated from the main foraging party, lose the pheromone track and begin to follow one another, forming a continuously rotating circle.
Pheromones have evolved in all animal phyla, to signal sex and dominance status, and are responsible for stereotypical social and sexual behaviour among members of the same species. In mammals, these chemical signals are believed to be detected primarily by the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a chemosensory organ located at the base of the nasal septum .