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Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [10] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
Changes in levels of estrogen-sensitive proteins after treatment with oral estradiol or oral ethinylestradiol in postmenopausal women. [64] [65] FSH is a pituitary protein and represents general/systemic estrogenic effect, while SHBG and PZP Tooltip pregnancy zone protein are hepatic proteins and represent liver estrogenic effect.
Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). [1] [2] [6] In one study, the EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM).
b = Relative estrogenic potencies (REPs) were calculated from half-maximal effective concentrations (EC 50) that were determined via in-vitro βâgalactosidase (β-gal) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) production assays in yeast expressing human ERα and human ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters.
The effect of estrogen on the immune system is in general described as Th2 favoring, rather than suppressive, as is the case of the effect of male sex hormone - testosterone. [89] Indeed, women respond better to vaccines , infections and are generally less likely to develop cancer , the tradeoff of this is that they are more likely to develop ...
The hydroxylation of estradiol is one of the major routes of metabolism of the estrogen steroid hormone estradiol. It is hydroxylated into the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol and into estriol (16α-hydroxyestradiol), reactions which are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes predominantly in the liver, but also in ...
Ferning was first described in the field of gynecology in 1945 by Georgios Papanikolaou, inventor of the pap smear, as a test for ovulation during a normal menstrual cycle. [2] When high levels of estrogen are present, such as just before ovulation (or during pregnancy), the cervical mucus forms fern-like patterns due to crystallization of ...
The estrogenic activity results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the proliferative effect (PE), which represents the maximum proliferation induced by the test compound, and is the ratio between the highest cell number achieved with the sample or 17-β-estradiol and the cell number in the control group: