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The only generally accepted adverse effect of fluoride at levels used for water fluoridation is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and usually only an aesthetic concern. Compared to unfluoridated water, fluoridation to 1 mg/L is estimated to cause fluorosis in one ...
Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion . In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion.
Hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca 2+ that binds with the fluoride ions. Skin burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5 percent calcium gluconate gel [64] [65] or special rinsing solutions. [66] Because HF is absorbed, further medical treatment is necessary.
The U.S. Public Health Service’s recommendation is a fluoride concentration of 0.7 mg/L of drinking water—and there were not enough data to determine if 0.7 mg/L of fluoride exposure in ...
That doesn't mean the water is fluoride-free: According to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the city's groundwater contains fluoride at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L ...
The Department of Health and Human Services said the data was "insufficient" to determine whether the current recommended level of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water also had an effect ...
Fluoride's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources. [19] About 70–90% of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood, where it distributes throughout the body. In infants 80–90% of absorbed fluoride is retained, with the rest excreted, mostly via urine; in adults about 60% is retained.
Around 73% of the U.S. population, or about 209 million people, have access to fluoridated water, the CDC reported. Fluoride also has been added to oral care products such as toothpaste and mouth ...