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  2. Methods of computing square roots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_computing...

    A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square root of a number greater than or equal to 25 but less than 36, begins with ...

  3. Laguerre's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre's_method

    Laguerre's method may even converge to a complex root of the polynomial, because the radicand of the square root may be of a negative number, in the formula for the correction, , given above – manageable so long as complex numbers can be conveniently accommodated for the calculation. This may be considered an advantage or a liability ...

  4. List of limits - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_limits

    This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a , b and c are constants with respect to x . Limits for general functions

  5. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    By performing this iteration, it is possible to evaluate a square root to any desired accuracy by only using the basic arithmetic operations. The following three tables show examples of the result of this computation for finding the square root of 612, with the iteration initialized at the values of 1, 10, and −20.

  6. Halley's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley's_method

    On a computer, it would appear to be slower as it has two slow operations (division and square root) instead of one, but on modern computers the reciprocal of the denominator can be computed at the same time as the square root via instruction pipelining, so the latency of each iteration differs very little. [8]: 24

  7. Euler's totient function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function

    Equivalently, the formula can be derived by the same argument applied to the multiplicative group of the n th roots of unity and the primitive d th roots of unity. The formula can also be derived from elementary arithmetic. [20] For example, let n = 20 and consider the positive fractions up to 1 with denominator 20:

  8. Iterated limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated_limit

    In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form , = (,), (,) = ((,)),or other similar forms. An iterated limit is only defined for an expression whose value depends on at least two variables. To evaluate such a limit, one takes the limiting process as one of the two variables approaches some number, getting an expression whose value ...

  9. Rationalisation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalisation_(mathematics)

    In elementary algebra, root rationalisation (or rationalization) is a process by which radicals in the denominator of an algebraic fraction are eliminated.. If the denominator is a monomial in some radical, say , with k < n, rationalisation consists of multiplying the numerator and the denominator by , and replacing by x (this is allowed, as, by definition, a n th root of x is a number that ...