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2, the major part of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen (see Occurrence). O 2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol. [42] O 2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration. Other aspects of O 2 are covered in the remainder of this article. Trioxygen (O
The ground state of O 2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol. [3] It is a colourless gas with a boiling point of −183 °C (90 K; −297 °F). [4] It can be condensed from air by cooling with liquid nitrogen, which has a boiling point of −196 °C (77 K; −321 °F).
The existence of a very long C–C bond length of up to 290 pm is claimed in a dimer of two tetracyanoethylene dianions, although this concerns a 2-electron-4-center bond. [4] [5] This type of bonding has also been observed in neutral phenalenyl dimers. The bond lengths of these so-called "pancake bonds" [6] are up to 305 pm.
The bond order of diatomic oxygen is two. [12] ... The bond order decreases and the bond length increases in the order O + 2 (112.2 pm), O 2 (121 pm), O ...
All diatomic molecules are linear and characterized by a single parameter which is the bond length or distance between the two atoms. Diatomic nitrogen has a triple bond, diatomic oxygen has a double bond, and diatomic hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine all have single bonds. [6]
A carbon–oxygen bond is a polar covalent bond between atoms of carbon and oxygen. [1] [2] [3]: 16–22 Carbon–oxygen bonds are found in many inorganic compounds such as carbon oxides and oxohalides, carbonates and metal carbonyls, [4] and in organic compounds such as alcohols, ethers, and carbonyl compounds.
With 133 pm, the ethylene C=C bond length is shorter than the C−C length in ethane with 154 pm. The double bond is also stronger, 636 kJ mol −1 versus 368 kJ mol −1 but not twice as much as the pi-bond is weaker than the sigma bond due to less effective pi-overlap.
The bond order between carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide O=C=O is also 2. In phosgene O=CCl 2, the bond order between carbon and oxygen is 2, and between carbon and chlorine is 1. In some molecules, bond orders can be 4 (quadruple bond), 5 (quintuple bond) or even 6 (sextuple bond).