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The Walker circulation, also known as the Walker cell, is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). According to this model, parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which is roughly consistent with observations, is caused by differences in ...
Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the functional atmospheric border that demarcates the troposphere from the stratosphere. As such, because the tropopause is an inversion layer in which air-temperature increases with altitude, the temperature of the tropopause remains constant. [2] The layer has the largest concentration of nitrogen.
On average, the Hadley circulation is composed of two cells in the northern and southern hemispheres that circulate air within the tropics.. The Hadley circulation describes the broad, thermally direct, [a] and meridional [b] overturning of air within the troposphere over the low latitudes. [2]
Brewer–Dobson circulation refers to the global atmospheric circulation pattern of tropical tropospheric air rising into the stratosphere and then moving poleward as it descends. [1] The basics of the circulation were first proposed by Gordon Dobson [2] [3] and Alan Brewer. [4] The term "Brewer–Dobson circulation" was first introduced in ...
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant.
The lumped parameter model consists in a system of ordinary differential equations that adhere to the principles of conservation of mass and momentum balance. The model is obtained exploiting the electrical analogy where the current represents the blood flow, the voltage represents the pressure difference, the electric resistance plays the role of the vascular resistance (determined by the ...
It is a result of an updraft powerful enough to break through the upper levels of the troposphere into the lower stratosphere. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] An observer at ground level and close to the storm may be unable to see the overshooting top because the anvil blocks the sight of this feature.
[citation needed] Most atmospheric deep convection occurs in the tropics as the rising branch of the Hadley circulation and represents a strong local coupling between the surface and the upper troposphere which is largely absent in winter midlatitudes. Its counterpart in the ocean (deep convection downward in the water column) only occurs at a ...