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The universe will become extremely dark after the last stars burn out. Even so, there can still be occasional light in the universe. One of the ways the universe can be illuminated is if two carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a combined mass of more than the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 solar masses happen
This suggests that the universe began very dense about 13.787 billion years ago, and it has expanded and (on average) become less dense ever since. [1] Confirmation of the Big Bang mostly depends on knowing the rate of expansion, average density of matter, and the physical properties of the mass–energy in the universe.
[1] [2] [3] Nonetheless, some physicists have proposed that a "Big Crunch-style" event could result from a dark energy fluctuation. [4] The hypothesis dates back to 1922, with Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann creating a set of equations showing that the end of the universe depends on its density. It could either expand or contract rather ...
In the far future long after star formation has ceased the universe will be populated by sparse degenerate remnants, mostly white dwarfs, though their ultimate fate is an open question. A time ...
The estimated time until the end of the universe in a Big Rip, assuming a model of dark energy with w = −1.5. [122] [123] If the density of dark energy is less than −1, then the universe's expansion will continue to accelerate and the observable universe will grow ever sparser.
The end of the Universe in the Big Rip scenario, assuming a model of dark energy with w = −1.5. Observations of galaxy cluster speeds by the Chandra X-ray Observatory suggest that the true value of w is ~-0.991, meaning the Big Rip will not occur. [218] 10¹⁰⁰: Various
The cosmic web (sometimes called the cosmic net) began as material connected to the first galaxies in the known Universe. As clumping began, their gravitational influence became more pronounced ...
The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) [1] [2] is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy.