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Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers view, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Al-Husayn, who was the brother of Al-Hasan.
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn Ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan Ibn Ali. [96] The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding. [99] The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible.
The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-653-4. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (12 January 2008). The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith. ICAS Press. ISBN 978-1-904063-34-6. Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal ...
Indeed, only an infallible imam can correctly identify his infallible successor. The appointment of imam must also be sanctioned by God, for infallibility is a hidden virtue known to God. [57] In particular, the fallible community has no voice in appointing infallible imams, [58] or prophets for that matter. [59]
Ja'far Sobhani, a Shi‘ite scholar, claimed that the concept of Ismah originated from the Qur’an, regarding the prophet (), [63] angels (), and the Qur'an itself [31] Dwight M. Donaldson regards the origin and importance of the concept of Ismah owes to the development of the theology of the Shi'ites in the period between the death of Muhammad and the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam. [11]
The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, [7] as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, [8] particularly after al-Mutawakkil. [ 9 ] Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, [ 10 ] [ 11 ] partly due to the renewed Zaydi opposition. [ 12 ]
Narjis (Arabic: نَرْجِس) is believed by the Twelvers to have been the mother of their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.His birth is said to have been providentially concealed by his father, Hasan al-Askari, out of fear of Abbasid persecution as they sought to eliminate an expected child of the eleventh Imam, whom persistent rumors described as a savior.
From the 12th–13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the Imams of Yemen or rival Imams within Iran. [49] The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi [50] as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries. [51] The leader of the Zaidi community took the title of Caliph. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the ...