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The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).
An open formula is a formula that contains at least one free variable. [citation needed] An open formula does not have a truth value assigned to it, in contrast with a closed formula which constitutes a proposition and thus can have a truth value like true or false. An open formula can be transformed into a closed formula by applying a ...
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.
In mathematical logic, a sentence (or closed formula) [1] of a predicate logic is a Boolean-valued well-formed formula with no free variables. A sentence can be viewed as expressing a proposition , something that must be true or false.
A key consequence of this is that "the integral of a closed form over homologous chains is equal": If ω is a closed k-form and M and N are k-chains that are homologous (such that M − N is the boundary of a (k + 1)-chain W), then =, since the difference is the integral = =.
Integro-differential equations model many situations from science and engineering, such as in circuit analysis. By Kirchhoff's second law, the net voltage drop across a closed loop equals the voltage impressed (). (It is essentially an application of energy conservation.)
A differential equation which may be solved with Bessel functions [13] Jacobi equation: 1 = + + + + + + + + Special case of the Darboux equation, integrable in closed form [14] Loewner differential equation: 1
An example is the Fermat curve u n + v n = w n, which has an affine form x n + y n = 1. A similar process of homogenization may be defined for curves in higher dimensional spaces. Except for lines, the simplest examples of algebraic curves are the conics, which are nonsingular curves of degree two and genus zero.