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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Most top-load washing machines have a capacity of about 3 to 4 cubic feet and can handle up to 12 pounds of laundry. To determine load size when selecting a wash cycle, choose "medium" if the drum ...
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions, which react with the surfactant anion to give these metallic or lime soaps. [1] 2 C 17 H 35 COO − Na + + Ca 2+ → (C 17 H 35 COO) 2 Ca + 2 Na + In this reaction, the sodium cation in soap is replaced by calcium to form calcium stearate. Lime soaps build deposits on fibres, washing machines, and ...
A "Downy Ball" dispenser on a top-loading washing machine. A dispensing ball is a special plastic ball used to dispense liquid fabric softener in clothes washing machines that lack built-in softener dispensers. Liquid fabric softener has to be added at the correct time to a load of laundry (the rinse cycle) in order to work effectively.
In the 1960s scientists recognized that phosphates in water caused eutrophication. [23] There was disagreement at that time about whether water with high phosphate came to have the chemical because of somehow being polluted with it. [23] By the 1970s it was established that high phosphate levels in water were a consequence of pollution. [23]
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Washing machines including water jets (also known as water sprays, jet sprays [39] and water showers) and steam nozzles [40] that claim to sanitize clothes, help reduce washing times, and remove soil from the clothes. [41] Water jets get their water from the bottom of the drum, thus recirculating the water in the washer. [42] [43] [44]