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Botulism can be fatal in five to ten percent of people who are affected. [64] However, if left untreated, botulism is fatal in 40 to 50 percent of cases. [73] Infant botulism typically has no long-term side effects but can be complicated by treatment-associated adverse events. The case fatality rate is less than two percent for hospitalized ...
Unlike other clostridial species, C. botulinum spores will sporulate as it enters the stationary phase. [35] C. botulinum relies on quorum-sensing to initiate the sporulation process. [35] C. botulinum spores are not found in human feces unless the individual has contracted botulism, [36] but C. botulinum cannot spread from person to person. [37]
C. botulinum prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to thermal treatments. When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the C. botulinum spores are killed, and the spores can germinate and produce botulism toxin. [30]
The vegetative cells of clostridia are heat-labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above 72–75 °C (162–167 °F). The thermal destruction of Clostridium spores requires higher temperatures (above 121.1 °C (250.0 °F), for example in an autoclave ) and longer cooking times (20 min, with a few exceptional cases of more than ...
Levels of mycotoxin secretion can rely on varying temperatures, the ideal temperature for mycotoxins to grow is from 20 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees Celsius. [37] Mycotoxin production also relies heavily on water activity, the ideal range would be from 0.83 to 0.9 aw and higher. [37] Humidity plays a key in the production of mycotoxins as well ...
When mold spores are inhaled by an immunocompromised individual, some mold spores may begin to grow on living tissue, [28] attaching to cells along the respiratory tract and causing further problems. [29] [30] Generally, when this occurs, the illness is an epiphenomenon and not the primary pathology. Also, mold may produce mycotoxins, either ...
Treatment of an infected dog is difficult, involving an attempt to poison the healthy worm with arsenic compounds without killing the weakened dog, and may not succeed. Prevention is recommended via the use of heartworm prophylactics , which contain a compound that kills the larvae immediately upon infection without harming the dog.
Side effects include skin irritation. [4] If exposed to large amounts, nausea, headache, and shortness of breath may occur. [3] Protective equipment is recommended when used, especially in high concentrations. [3] Glutaraldehyde is effective against a range of microorganisms including spores. [3] [19] Glutaraldehyde is a dialdehyde. [20]