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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
One of their recent publications was a 2019 meta-analysis of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk based on type and timing of therapy. [1] In 2012, the group concluded in a meta-analysis of 117 studies that the incidence of breast cancer was increased by each year younger at menarche and each year older at menopause. [4]
Ovarian cancer is staged using the FIGO staging system and uses information obtained after surgery, which can include a total abdominal hysterectomy via midline laparotomy, removal of (usually) both ovaries and fallopian tubes, (usually) the omentum, pelvic (peritoneal) washings, assessment of retroperitoneal lymph nodes (including the pelvic ...
In older patients, there was an apparent increased incidence of breast cancer, heart attacks, venous thrombosis, and stroke, although a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer and bone fracture. At the time, The WHI recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of HRT for the shortest possible time to minimize ...
The underlying purpose of staging is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment. [22] Staging of breast cancer is one aspect of breast cancer classification that assists in making appropriate treatment choices, when considered along with other ...
The treatment saved my life but also pushed me into medically-induced menopause at the age of just 37. By this visit, my cancer was thankfully in remission and I was going to live to see my two ...
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