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For instance, the square of the linear polynomial x + 1 is the quadratic polynomial (x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1. One of the important properties of squaring, for numbers as well as in many other mathematical systems, is that (for all numbers x), the square of x is the same as the square of its additive inverse −x.
Further note that (2) and (3) are dual to each other in the sense that for , we can apply the reflection formula to one of the identities and then swap and to obtain the other one. (As the g n ( x ) {\displaystyle g_{n}(x)} are polynomials, the validity extends from natural to all real values of x {\displaystyle x} .)
In mathematics, the infinite series 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 + ⋯ is an example of one of the first infinite series to be summed in the history of mathematics; it was used by Archimedes circa 250–200 BC. [1]
The real part of the other side is a polynomial in cos x and sin x, in which all powers of sin x are even and thus replaceable through the identity cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1. By the same reasoning, sin nx is the imaginary part of the polynomial, in which all powers of sin x are odd and thus, if one factor of sin x is factored out, the remaining ...
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
The idea becomes clearer by considering the general series 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + 5x 4 − 6x 5 + &c. that arises while expanding the expression 1 ⁄ (1+x) 2, which this series is indeed equal to after we set x = 1. [12]
In mathematics, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ is the infinite series whose terms are the successive powers of two. As a geometric series , it is characterized by its first term, 1, and its common ratio , 2. As a series of real numbers it diverges to infinity , so the sum of this series is infinity.
The first condition is the Fermat primality test using base 2. In general, if p ≡ a (mod x 2 +4), where a is a quadratic non-residue (mod x 2 +4) then p should be prime if the following conditions hold: 2 p−1 ≡ 1 (mod p), f(1) p+1 ≡ 0 (mod p), f(x) k is the k-th Fibonacci polynomial at x.