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Early modern period – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the Late Middle Ages (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, in forms such as the Italian Renaissance in the West, the Ming dynasty in the East, and the rise of the Aztecs in the New World.
25–60% of European population [5] 541–549 North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia 3 HIV/AIDS pandemic: HIV/AIDS: 44 million (as of 2025) [a] 1981–present [6] Worldwide 1 Black Death: Bubonic plague: 25–50 million 30–60% of European population [7] 1346–1353 Europe, Asia, and North Africa 5 COVID-19 pandemic: COVID-19
The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600–1750 (1976) de Vries, Jan. European Urbanization, 1500–1800 (1984) Dewald, Jonathan. "The Early Modern Period." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1: 2001), pp. 165–177. online; Dorn, Walter L. Competition For Empire 1740–1763 (1940) online
The timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic lists the articles containing the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, [1] the virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 occurred in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, on or about 17 November 2019. [2] The first ...
The pandemic began after Roman soldiers who were sent to suppress an uprising in what is now Iraq, plundered the city of Seleucia on the river Tigris and at the same time were infected. They brought the disease back to Rome and Europe where up to 5,000 people a day were fatally infected. At its height, the pandemic reached India and China. [25]
The species was merged with Rat coronavirus (discovered in 1970 [23]) and Puffinosis coronavirus (discovered in 1982 [59]) as Murine coronavirus in 2009. [ 60 ] 229E and OC43 were collectively named Human respiratory virus but merged as Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) in 2009 . [ 61 ]
The human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE. [76] The human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrp1 Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE. [77] More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960. [78]
It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the 18th century; [83] there were more than 100 plague epidemics in Europe during this period, [84] including the Great Plague of London of 1665–66 which killed approximately 100,000 people, 20% of London's population. [85] 1817–1824 cholera pandemic.