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The inversion number [10] of a sequence = , …, , is the cardinality of the inversion set. It is a common measure of sortedness (sometimes called presortedness) of a permutation [5] or sequence. [9]
Inversion of a line is a circle containing the center of inversion; or it is the line itself if it contains the center; Inversion of a circle is another circle; or it is a line if the original circle contains the center; Inversion of a parabola is a cardioid; Inversion of hyperbola is a lemniscate of Bernoulli
When only one value is desired, the function may be restricted to its principal branch. With this restriction, for each in the domain, the expression will evaluate only to a single value, called its principal value. These properties apply to all the inverse trigonometric functions.
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field.
It is possible to compute the inverse of multiple numbers a i, modulo a common m, with a single invocation of the Euclidean algorithm and three multiplications per additional input. [12] The basic idea is to form the product of all the a i, invert that, then multiply by a j for all j ≠ i to leave only the desired a −1 i.
Linear errors-in-variables models were studied first, probably because linear models were so widely used and they are easier than non-linear ones. Unlike standard least squares regression (OLS), extending errors in variables regression (EiV) from the simple to the multivariable case is not straightforward, unless one treats all variables in the same way i.e. assume equal reliability.
Let = be an positive matrix: > for ,.Then the following statements hold. There is a positive real number r, called the Perron root or the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue (also called the leading eigenvalue, principal eigenvalue or dominant eigenvalue), such that r is an eigenvalue of A and any other eigenvalue λ (possibly complex) in absolute value is strictly smaller than r, |λ| < r.
In mathematics, the concept of an inverse element generalises the concepts of opposite (−x) and reciprocal (1/x) of numbers.. Given an operation denoted here ∗, and an identity element denoted e, if x ∗ y = e, one says that x is a left inverse of y, and that y is a right inverse of x.