Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
In social sciences, proxy measurements are often required to stand in for variables that cannot be directly measured. This process of standing in is also known as operationalization . Per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) is often used as a proxy for measures of standard of living or quality of life .
Examples of proxies include stable isotope measurements from ice cores, growth rates in tree rings, species composition of sub-fossil pollen in lake sediment or foraminifera in ocean sediments, temperature profiles of boreholes, and stable isotopes and mineralogy of corals and carbonate speleothems. In each case, the proxy indicator has been ...
Risk measure. Distortion risk measure; Tail conditional expectation; Value at risk; Convex risk measure Entropic risk measure; Coherent risk measure. Discounted maximum loss; Expected shortfall; Superhedging price; Spectral risk measure; Deviation risk measure. Standard deviation or Variance; Mid-range Interdecile range; Interquartile range
The blue line represents global surface temperature reconstructed over the last 2,000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores. [1] The red line shows direct surface temperature measurements since 1880. [2] Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface.
Tree-ring width, for example, is considered a reliable proxy of ambient environmental conditions such as the warmth of growing seasons or amount of rainfall. Although scientists cannot directly measure the temperature of past years, tree-ring width and other climate proxies have been used to provide a semi-quantitative record of average ...
Routine health outcomes measurement is the process of examining whether or not interventions are associated with change (for better or worse) in the patient's health status. This change can be directly measured (e.g. by rating scales used by the clinician or patient) or assumed by the use of proxy measurement (e.g. a blood test result).
Goodhart's law is an adage often stated as, "When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure". [1] It is named after British economist Charles Goodhart, who is credited with expressing the core idea of the adage in a 1975 article on monetary policy in the United Kingdom: [2]
Global paleoclimate indicators are the proxies sensitive to global paleoclimatic environment changes. They are mostly derived from marine sediments.Paleoclimate indicators derived from terrestrial sediments, on the other hand, are commonly influenced by local tectonic movements and paleogeographic variations.