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GLUT5 is a fructose transporter expressed on the apical border of enterocytes in the small intestine. [5] GLUT5 allows for fructose to be transported from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte by facilitated diffusion due to fructose's high concentration in the intestinal lumen.
Free fructose concentrations in the liver increase and fructose is free to leave the cell and enter plasma. This results in an increase in plasma concentration of fructose, eventually exceeding the kidneys' threshold for fructose reabsorption resulting in the appearance of fructose in the urine. [ 11 ]
Hepatic fructokinase (or ketohexokinase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate. ATP + {\displaystyle \longrightarrow } ADP + ATP + D-fructose → ADP + D-fructose-1-phosphate [ 1 ]
Organs that use it most frequently include the liver and seminal vesicle; it is found in various organisms from bacteria to humans. A secondary use is the metabolism of dietary sorbitol , though sorbitol is known not to be absorbed as well in the intestine as its related compounds glucose and fructose, and is usually found in quite small ...
Mucus is released in the stomach and intestine, and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins and is generally very viscous. Mucus is made by two types of specialized cells termed mucous cells in the stomach and goblet cells in the intestines. Signals for ...
Dietary fructose intolerance occurs when there is a deficiency in the amount of fructose carrier. Lactose intolerance is the most common problem of carbohydrate digestion and occurs when the human body doesn't produce a sufficient amount of lactase enzyme to break down the sugar lactose found in dairy. As a result of this deficiency, undigested ...
Gut is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal on gastroenterology and hepatology. It is the journal of the British Society of Gastroenterology and is published by BMJ. As of 2010, the editor-in-chief is Emad El-Omar. Gut was established in 1960 and covers original research on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, and biliary tract. The ...
Bile of course helps absorption of the fat by emulsifying it, increasing its absorptive surface. Bile is made by the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is produced by the mucosal duodenal cells in response to chyme containing high amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and fatty acids. Main function of GIP is ...