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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. [11] Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative ...

  3. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    Maarten Boudry [27] and others [28] have argued that formal, deductive fallacies rarely occur in real life and that arguments that would be fallacious in formally deductive terms are not necessarily so when context and prior probabilities are taken into account, thus making the argument defeasible and/or inductive.

  4. Circular reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_reasoning

    Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; [1] also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. [2]

  5. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    For example, some unicellular organisms have genomes much larger than that of humans. Cole's paradox: Even a tiny fecundity advantage of one additional offspring would favor the evolution of semelparity. Gray's paradox: Despite their relatively small muscle mass, dolphins can swim at high speeds and obtain large accelerations.

  6. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    Aristotle's advice in S.E. 27 for resolving fallacies of Begging the Question is brief. If one realizes that one is being asked to concede the original point, one should refuse to do so, even if the point being asked is a reputable belief.

  7. Fallacy of division - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_division

    Both the fallacy of division and the fallacy of composition were addressed by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations.. In the philosophy of the ancient Greek Anaxagoras, as claimed by the Roman atomist Lucretius, [6] it was assumed that the atoms constituting a substance must themselves have the salient observed properties of that substance: so atoms of water would be wet, atoms of iron would be ...

  8. Argumentum ad baculum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum

    Argumentum ad baculum (Latin for "argument to the cudgel" or "appeal to the stick") is the fallacy committed when one makes an appeal to force [1] to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.

  9. Moralistic fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy

    The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical form is "if X were true, then Z would happen!