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The formula for calculating the ballistic coefficient for small and large arms projectiles only is as follows: = [2] where: C b,projectile, ballistic coefficient as used in point mass trajectory from the Siacci method (less than 20 degrees).
A rocket's required mass ratio as a function of effective exhaust velocity ratio. The classical rocket equation, or ideal rocket equation is a mathematical equation that describes the motion of vehicles that follow the basic principle of a rocket: a device that can apply acceleration to itself using thrust by expelling part of its mass with high velocity and can thereby move due to the ...
Drag coefficients in fluids with Reynolds number approximately 10 4 [1] [2] Shapes are depicted with the same projected frontal area. In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: , or ) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water.
is the drag coefficient – a dimensionless coefficient related to the object's geometry and taking into account both skin friction and form drag. If the fluid is a liquid, c d {\displaystyle c_{\rm {d}}} depends on the Reynolds number ; if the fluid is a gas, c d {\displaystyle c_{\rm {d}}} depends on both the Reynolds number and the Mach number .
It is used in the drag equation in which a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface area. [60] Drag equation – In fluid dynamics, the drag equation is a formula used to calculate the force of drag experienced by an object ...
Launch to LEO—this not only requires an increase of velocity from 0 to 7.8 km/s, but also typically 1.5–2 km/s for atmospheric drag and gravity drag [citation needed] Re-entry from LEO—the delta-v required is the orbital maneuvering burn to lower perigee into the atmosphere, atmospheric drag takes care of the rest.
The blue object experiences Stokes' drag, and the green object Newtonian drag. Ballistics is the field of mechanics concerned with the launching, flight behaviour and impact effects of projectiles , especially weapon munitions such as bullets , unguided bombs , rockets and the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles ...
In 1951, they made the counterintuitive discovery that a blunt shape (high drag) made the most effective heat shield. [6] From simple engineering principles, Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the drag coefficient; i.e., the greater the drag, the less the heat load. If the ...