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  2. Reverse engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering

    The Tupolev Tu-4, a Soviet bomber built by reverse engineering captured Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight ...

  3. Backward induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_induction

    In dynamic programming, a method of mathematical optimization, backward induction is used for solving the Bellman equation. [3] [4] In the related fields of automated planning and scheduling and automated theorem proving, the method is called backward search or backward chaining. In chess, it is called retrograde analysis.

  4. Backward chaining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_chaining

    Backward chaining is implemented in logic programming by SLD resolution. Both rules are based on the modus ponens inference rule. It is one of the two most commonly used methods of reasoning with inference rules and logical implications – the other is forward chaining. Backward chaining systems usually employ a depth-first search strategy, e ...

  5. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    An example is the compareTo method: a. compareTo (b) checks whether a comes before or after b in some ordering, but the way to compare, say, two rational numbers will be different from the way to compare two strings. Other common examples of binary methods include equality tests, arithmetic operations, and set operations like subset and union.

  6. Off-side rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-side_rule

    The following is an example of indentation blocks in Python; a popular off-side rule language. In Python, the rule is taken to define the boundaries of statements rather than declarations. In Python, the rule is taken to define the boundaries of statements rather than declarations.

  7. Dependency inversion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_inversion_principle

    In object-oriented design, the dependency inversion principle is a specific methodology for loosely coupled software modules.When following this principle, the conventional dependency relationships established from high-level, policy-setting modules to low-level, dependency modules are reversed, thus rendering high-level modules independent of the low-level module implementation details.

  8. Parametric design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_design

    Parametric design is a design method in which features, such as building elements and engineering components, are shaped based on algorithmic processes rather than direct manipulation. In this approach, parameters and rules establish the relationship between design intent and design response.

  9. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

    Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. [33] Python is dynamically type-checked and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional ...