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1903: Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently hypothesizes that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units; [6] see the chromosome theory. Boveri was studying sea urchins when he found that all the chromosomes in the sea urchins had to be present for proper embryonic development to take place.
Although its significance for genetics and for cell biology was still to be discovered, these filaments were known to be involved in the phenomenon of cell division discovered by Flemming, named mitosis, as well as in meiosis. He coined in 1888 the term "chromosome" to describe them. [1] [2]
In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to DNA as the portion of chromosomes (and perhaps other nucleoproteins) that held genes. A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.
Joe Hin Tjio (/ ˈ tʃ iː oʊ /; 2 November 1919 – 27 November 2001), was an Indonesian-born American cytogeneticist.He was renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes on 22 December 1955 at the Institute of Genetics of the University of Lund in Sweden, where he was a visiting scientist.
Miescher had isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called nuclein (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of white blood cells in Felix Hoppe-Seyler's laboratory at the University of Tübingen, Germany, [1] paving the way for the identification of DNA as the carrier of inheritance. He also successfully completed everything.
Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) discovered a substance he called "nuclein" in 1869. Somewhat later, he isolated a pure sample of the material now known as DNA from the sperm of salmon, and in 1889 his pupil, Richard Altmann, named it "nucleic acid". This substance was found to exist only in the chromosomes.
Theophilus Painter (1889–1969), US zoologist, studied fruit fly and human testis chromosomes; Arthur Pardee (1921–2019), US scientist who discovered restriction point in the cell cycle; Mary-Lou Pardue, American geneticist at MIT; Klaus Patau (1908–1975), German-American cytogeneticist, described trisomy 13
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (/ ˈ m ɛ n d əl /; Czech: Řehoř Jan Mendel; [2] 20 July 1822 [3] – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian [4] [5] biologist, meteorologist, [6] mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno (Brünn), Margraviate of Moravia.