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  2. Transfer-matrix method (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-matrix_method...

    motofit is a program for analysing neutron and X-ray reflectometry data. OpenFilters is a program for designing optical filters. Py_matrix is an open source Python code that implements the transfer-matrix method for multilayers with arbitrary dielectric tensors. It was especially created for plasmonic and magnetoplasmonic calculations.

  3. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    In that unusual situation we have θ t = θ i (that is, the transmitted ray is undeviated), so that the cosines in equations , , , , and to cancel out, and all the reflection and transmission ratios become independent of the angle of incidence; in other words, the ratios for normal incidence become applicable to all angles of incidence. [35]

  4. Mean free path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_free_path

    In X-ray radiography the calculation of the mean free path is more complicated, because photons are not mono-energetic, but have some distribution of energies called a spectrum. As photons move through the target material, they are attenuated with probabilities depending on their energy, as a result their distribution changes in process called ...

  5. Ray transfer matrix analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_transfer_matrix_analysis

    A light ray enters a component crossing its input plane at a distance x 1 from the optical axis, traveling in a direction that makes an angle θ 1 with the optical axis. After propagation to the output plane that ray is found at a distance x 2 from the optical axis and at an angle θ 2 with respect to it.

  6. Attenuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation

    Attenuation in fiber optics, also known as transmission loss, is the reduction in intensity of the light beam (or signal) with respect to distance travelled through a transmission medium. Attenuation coefficients in fiber optics usually use units of dB/km through the medium due to the relatively high quality of transparency of modern optical ...

  7. X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy

    In electron microscopy an electron beam excites X-rays; there are two main techniques for analysis of spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS). In X-ray transmission (XRT), the equivalent atomic composition (Z eff) is captured based on photoelectric ...

  8. Attenuation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient

    X-rays or gamma rays, where it is denoted μ and measured in cm −1; neutrons and nuclear reactors, where it is called macroscopic cross section (although actually it is not a section dimensionally speaking), denoted Σ and measured in m −1; ultrasound attenuation, where it is denoted α and measured in dB⋅cm −1 ⋅MHz −1; [4] [5]

  9. Mass attenuation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_attenuation_coefficient

    Mass attenuation coefficients of selected elements for X-ray photons with energies up to 250 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient, or mass narrow beam attenuation coefficient of a material is the attenuation coefficient normalized by the density of the material; that is, the attenuation per unit mass (rather than per unit of distance).