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Phytoncides are antimicrobial allelochemic [dubious – discuss] volatile organic compounds derived from plants.The word, which means "exterminated by the plant" [citation needed] (from the Greek φυτόν "plant" and the Latin caedere "to kill"), was coined in 1928 by Boris P. Tokin, a Soviet biochemist then studying at Moscow State University. [1]
Capsidiol is a phytoalexin produced by certain plants in response to pathogenic attack.. Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances, some of which are antioxidative as well. They are defined not by their having any particular chemical structure or character, but by the fact that they are defensively synthesized de novo by plants that produce the compounds rapidly at sites of pathogen infection.
Antimicrobial use has been common practice for at least 2000 years. Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection. [5]In the 19th century, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. [6]
These compounds are stable while solids and may be used in powdered, granular, or tablet form. When added in small amounts to pool water or industrial water systems, the chlorine atoms hydrolyze from the rest of the molecule forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which acts as a general biocide killing germs, micro-organisms, algae, and so on.
Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin. [1] Phytochemicals (from Greek phyto, meaning "plant") are chemicals produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism. [2] [3] They generally have biological activity in the plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators. [2]
Plant defensins (formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of primitive, highly stable, cysteine-rich defensins found in plants that function to defend them against pathogens and parasites. [1] Defensins are integral components of the innate immune system and belong to the ancient superfamily of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
A plant line with acceptable resistance against one pathogen may lack resistance against others. Breeding for resistance typically includes: Identification of plants that may be less desirable in other ways, but which carry a useful disease resistance trait, including wild plant lines that often express enhanced resistance.
Traditional fungicides are simple inorganic compounds like sulfur, [5] and copper salts. While cheap, they must be applied repeatedly and are relatively ineffective. [ 2 ] Other active ingredients in fungicides include neem oil , rosemary oil, jojoba oil , the bacterium Bacillus subtilis , and the beneficial fungus Ulocladium oudemansii .