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Capsidiol is a phytoalexin produced by certain plants in response to pathogenic attack.. Phytoalexins are antimicrobial substances, some of which are antioxidative as well. They are defined not by their having any particular chemical structure or character, but by the fact that they are defensively synthesized de novo by plants that produce the compounds rapidly at sites of pathogen infection.
Antimicrobial use has been common practice for at least 2000 years. Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection. [5]In the 19th century, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. [6]
Phytoncides are antimicrobial allelochemic [dubious – discuss] volatile organic compounds derived from plants.The word, which means "exterminated by the plant" [citation needed] (from the Greek φυτόν "plant" and the Latin caedere "to kill"), was coined in 1928 by Boris P. Tokin, a Soviet biochemist then studying at Moscow State University. [1]
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes from Greek φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Some phytochemicals have been used as poisons and others as traditional medicine.
Plant defensins (formerly gamma-thionins) are a family of primitive, highly stable, cysteine-rich defensins found in plants that function to defend them against pathogens and parasites. [1] Defensins are integral components of the innate immune system and belong to the ancient superfamily of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
In plants, VirA is a protein histidine kinase which senses certain sugars and phenolic compounds. These compounds are typically found from wounded plants, and as a result VirA is used by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to locate potential host organisms for infection. [95]
Induction of resistance in antagonism refers to the ability of an antagonistic bacterium to activate a host's defense mechanisms through biochemical changes, such as the production of pathogenesis-related proteins or antimicrobial compounds, thereby enhancing the plant's immunity locally or systemically against pathogens. [11]
A plant line with acceptable resistance against one pathogen may lack resistance against others. Breeding for resistance typically includes: Identification of plants that may be less desirable in other ways, but which carry a useful disease resistance trait, including wild plant lines that often express enhanced resistance.