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Elephants have a fission–fusion society, in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Females (cows) tend to live in family groups, which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring. The leader of a female group, usually the oldest cow, is known as the matriarch.
The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is a species of elephant distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west to Borneo in the east, and Nepal in the north to Sumatra in the south. Three subspecies are recognised—E. m. maximus, E. m. indicus and E. m. sumatranus.
range map of the African Elephant (Loxodonta): that includes the Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and colonial borders. Date: 16 May 2007: Source: self-made, based on data from the African Elephant Status Report of w:IUCN (known range) Author: Bamse: Other versions: distribution map with labels
Range map of the African Elephants (Loxodonta) The genus consists of the wide-ranging Savanna Elephant ( Loxodonta africana ) and the Forest Elephant ( Loxodonta cyclotis ), which is restricted to moist tropical habitats.
The African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is one of the two living species of African elephant, along with the African bush elephant. It is native to humid tropical forests in West Africa and the Congo Basin. It is the smallest of the three living elephant species, reaching a shoulder height of 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in). As with other African ...
Both African elephant species live in family units comprising several adult cows, their daughters and their subadult sons. Each family unit is led by an older cow known as the matriarch . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] African forest elephant groups are less cohesive than African bush elephant groups, probably because of the lack of predators.
The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, which are driven by an expanding human population, and lead in turn to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants when elephants eat or trample crops. Hundreds of people and elephants are killed annually as a result of such conflicts.
The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to the Indonesian island of Sumatra.In 2011, IUCN upgraded the conservation status of the Sumatran elephant from endangered to critically endangered in its Red List as the population had declined by at least 80% during the past three generations, estimated to be about 75 ...