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Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is often hydrogen production , although syngas has multiple other uses such as production of ammonia or methanol .
A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) and steam methane ...
Hydrogen is industrially produced from steam reforming (SMR), which uses natural gas. [32] The energy content of the produced hydrogen is around 74% of the energy content of the original fuel, [33] as some energy is lost as excess heat during production. In general, steam reforming emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and is known as gray ...
Syngas is produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, or coal gasification. [6] C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 [1] CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 [1] C + CO 2 → 2CO [1] Steam reforming of methane is an endothermic reaction requiring 206 kJ/mol of methane: CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2
Pre-reforming Depiction of the general process flow of a typical steam reforming plant. (PSA = Pressure swing adsorption, NG = Natural gas) The purpose of pre-reforming is to break down higher hydrocarbons such as propane, butane or naphtha into methane (CH 4), which allows for more efficient reforming downstream. Steam reforming
A membrane reactor is a device where oxygen separation, steam reforming and POX is combined in a single step. In 1997 Argonne National Laboratory and Amoco published a paper "Ceramic membrane reactor for converting methane to syngas" [3] which resulted in different small scale systems that combined an ATR based oxygen membrane with a water-gas shift reactor and a hydrogen membrane.
The upgrading process is energy intensive and requires hydrogen that is produced from a steam methane reformer. Making hydrogen creates carbon dioxide that at Quest is captured and separated from nitrogen through an absorption amine technology process.
Wiese, W. et al.: Methanol steam reforming in a fuel cell drive system, J. Power Sources 84 (1999) 187-193; Peters, R. et al.: Investigation of a methanol concept considering the particular impact of dynamics and long-term stability for use in a fuel-cell-powered passenger car, J. Power Sources 86 (1999) 507-514