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3.2 × 10 −5 T (31.869 μT) – strength of Earth's magnetic field at 0° latitude, 0° longitude; 4 × 10 −5 T (40 μT) – walking under a high-voltage power line [9] 5 × 10 −3 T (5 mT) – the strength of a typical refrigerator magnet; 0.3 T – the strength of solar sunspots; 1 T to 2.4 T – coil gap of a typical loudspeaker magnet
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI unit Dimension Temperature gradient: No standard symbol K⋅m −1: ΘL −1: Thermal conduction rate, thermal current, thermal/heat flux, thermal power transfer
L −3 M −1 T 3 I 2: scalar Electric potential: φ: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point volt (V = J/C) L 2 M T −3 I −1: extensive, scalar Electrical resistance: R: Electric potential per unit electric current ohm (Ω = V/A) L 2 M T −3 I −2: extensive, scalar, assumes linearity ...
The sum over r covers other degrees of freedom specific for the field, such as polarization or spin; it usually comes out as a sum from 1 to 2 or from 1 to 3. E p is the relativistic energy for a momentum p quantum of the field, = m 2 c 4 + c 2 p 2 {\textstyle ={\sqrt {m^{2}c^{4}+c^{2}\mathbf {p} ^{2}}}} when the rest mass is m .
The TEM 0i* mode, the so-called doughnut mode, is a special case consisting of a superposition of two TEM 0i modes (i = 1, 2, 3), rotated 360°/4i with respect to one another. The overall size of the mode is determined by the Gaussian beam radius w , and this may increase or decrease with the propagation of the beam, however the modes preserve ...
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
It is not part of the analysis to use r 1, p 1 for particle 1, r 2, p 2 for particle 2, etc. up to r N, p N for particle N. It is assumed the particles in the system are identical (so each has an identical mass m). For a mixture of more than one chemical species, one distribution is needed for each, see below.
Miedema's model is a semi-empirical approach for estimating the heat of formation of solid or liquid metal alloys and compounds in the framework of thermodynamic calculations for metals and minerals. [1]