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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
sister: Amoebozoa Obazoa is a proposed sister clade of Amoebozoa (which together form Amorphea ). The term Obazoa is based on the OBA acronym for O pisthokonta , B reviatea , and A pusomonadidae , the group's three constituent clades .
The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. [15] Ages of clades cannot be directly observed.
Gnathifera is a member of Spiralia. It is the sister taxon of a clade comprising all other spiralians. [1] [19] An alternative phylogeny place Gnathifera into a main spiralian clade Platyzoa s.l. as sister clade to Mesozoa and Platyhelminthes. [21]
Whether the Xenacoelomorpha clade is the sister group to the Ambulacraria remains a contentious issue, with some authors arguing that the former should be placed more basally among metazoans, [5] [6] [1] and other authors asserting that the best choices of phylogenetic methods support the position of Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to ...
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Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade of single-celled ameboid eukaryotes that includes Ministeria and Capsaspora. [1] It is a sister clade to the Choanozoa in which the Choanoflagellatea and Animals appeared, originally proposed by Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. in 2008, based on a phylogenomic analysis with 78 genes. Filasterea was found to ...
The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Embryophyta (land plants). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia , as well as desmids , which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells.