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Normal lies are defensive and told to avoid the consequences of truth telling. They are often white lies that spare another's feelings, reflect a pro-social attitude, and make civilized human contact possible. [14] Pathological lying can be described as an habituation of lying: someone consistently lies for no obvious personal gain. [31]
The illusory truth effect (also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect) is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. [1]
A white lie is a harmless or trivial lie, especially one told in order to be polite or to avoid hurting someone's feelings or stopping them from being upset by the truth. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A white lie also is considered a lie to be used for greater good (pro-social behavior).
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The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it (although it is not always the case). [1] It is often done for personal gain or advantage. [2] [3] Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda and sleight of hand as well as distraction, camouflage or concealment.
Lies in political ads are common. There are entire news segments dedicated to investigating what's true and what's not. But are candidates allowed to be dishonest in ads?
"When someone constantly criticizes you, genuine compliments can feel confusing or undeserved," says Dr. Gayle MacBride, Ph.D., LP of Veritas Psychology Partners.
Truth-default theory (TDT) is a communication theory which predicts and explains the use of veracity and deception detection in humans. It was developed upon the discovery of the veracity effect - whereby the proportion of truths versus lies presented in a judgement study on deception will drive accuracy rates.