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According to the West German Schieder commission, there were 4.5 million German civilians present in Bohemia-Moravia in May 1945, including 100,000 from Slovakia and 1.6 million refugees from Poland. [107] Between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by irregular expulsions between May and August 1945. [108]
The German states of West Germany and East Germany became focal points of the Cold War, but were reunified in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration". [28]
During the pre-Potsdam expulsions, many Germans were forced to march over 100 and sometimes even 200 kilometres. [167] Different estimates of the number of Germans expelled by People's Army of Poland alone during pre-Potsdam deportations (all numbers after Jankowiak): [168] 365,000 to 1,200,000 Germans were deported by Polish administration. [169]
In connection with the two world wars, several German children of war came to Sweden. Between the late 1940s and early 1990s, many East German refugees also came to Sweden. On 31 December 2014, there were 49,359 people in Sweden who were born in Germany, of whom 23,195 were men (47.0%) and 26,164 women (53.0%).
Sudeten Germans were mostly Roman Catholics, a legacy of centuries of Austrian Habsburg rule. Not all ethnic Germans lived in isolated and well-defined areas; for historical reasons, Czechs and Germans mixed in many places, and Czech-German bilingualism and code-switching was quite common. Nevertheless, during the second half of the 19th ...
In 1881, there were 180,000 Baltic Germans in Russia's Baltic provinces; however, by 1914, this number had declined to 162,000. [6] In 1881 there were approximately 46,700 Germans in Estonia (5.3% of the population). [7] According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, there were 120,191 Germans in Latvia, or 6.2% of the population. [8]
In 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, the Eastern Bloc collapsed, and East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. The Franco-German friendship became the basis for the political integration of Western Europe in the European Union. In 1998–1999, Germany was one of the founding countries of the eurozone.
1985–1994. A national census in Germany (German: Volkszählung, pronounced [ˈfɔlksˌt͡sɛːlʊŋ] ⓘ) was held every five years from 1875 to 1910. After the World Wars, only a few full population censuses have been held, the last in 1987. The most recent census, though not a national census, was the 2011 European Union census.