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Global Map of Global Horizontal Radiation [5] Global Map of Direct Normal Radiation [5] There are several measured types of solar irradiance. Total solar irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. It is measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. [3]
Irradiance. In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area. The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (W⋅m −2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm −2 ⋅s −1) is often used in astronomy. Irradiance is often called intensity, but this term is avoided in radiometry ...
Ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation (US, ionising radiation in the UK), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them. [1] Some particles can travel up to 99% of the speed of light, and the electromagnetic waves ...
Solar-cell efficiency. Solar-cell efficiency is the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.
The direct normal illuminance (E dn), corrected for the attenuating effects of the atmosphere is given by: =, where c is the atmospheric extinction and m is the relative optical airmass. The atmospheric extinction brings the number of lux down to around 100,000 lux.
Thermal irradiation is the rate at which radiation is incident upon a surface per unit area. [19]: 771 It is measured in watts per square meter. Irradiation can either be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted. The components of irradiation can then be characterized by the equation + + =
Pyranometer. A pyranometer (from Greek πῦρ (pyr) 'fire' and ἄνω (ano) 'above, sky') is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m 2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm. A typical pyranometer does not ...
Direct insolation is the insolation measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky ). Direct insolation is equal to the solar irradiance above the atmosphere minus the atmospheric ...