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Underwater vision is the ability to see objects underwater, and this is significantly affected by several factors. Underwater, objects are less visible because of lower levels of natural illumination caused by rapid attenuation of light with distance passed through the water. They are also blurred by scattering of light between the object and ...
At sea level, the Rayleigh atmosphere has an extinction coefficient of approximately 13.2 × 10 −6 m −1 at a wavelength of 520 nm. This means that in the cleanest possible atmosphere, visibility is limited to about 296 km. Visibility perception depends on several physical and visual factors.
Open water is unrestricted water such as a sea, lake or flooded quarry, where the diver has unobstructed direct vertical access to the surface of the water in contact with the atmosphere. [6] Open-water diving implies that if a problem arises, the diver can directly ascend vertically to the atmosphere to breathe the ambient air. [7]
The environment may affect gear configuration: for instance, freshwater is less dense than saltwater, so less added weight is needed to achieve diver neutral buoyancy in freshwater dives. [115] Water temperature, visibility and movement also affect the diver and the dive plan. [116]
Diving physics, or the physics of underwater diving, is the basic aspects of physics which describe the effects of the underwater environment on the underwater diver and their equipment, and the effects of blending, compressing, and storing breathing gas mixtures, and supplying them for use at ambient pressure. These effects are mostly ...
Characteristics of the light field that can affect AOP measurements include the angle at which light hits the water surface (high in the sky vs. low in the sky, and from which compass direction) and the weather and sky conditions (clouds, atmospheric haze, fog, or sea state aka roughness of the surface of the water).
Several factors affect the diver, including immersion, exposure to the water, the limitations of breath-hold endurance, variations in ambient pressure, the effects of breathing gases at raised ambient pressure, effects caused by the use of breathing apparatus, and sensory impairment. All of these may affect diver performance and safety. [1]
An underwater environment is a environment of, and immersed in, liquid water in a natural or artificial feature (called a body of water), such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, reservoir, river, canal, or aquifer. Some characteristics of the underwater environment are universal, but many depend on the local situation.