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  2. Frost damage (construction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_damage_(construction)

    Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [ citation needed ] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores.

  3. Foundation (engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)

    Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned ...

  4. Shallow foundation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_foundation

    Elevated structural slabs are generally only found on custom homes or homes with basements. Copper piping, commonly used to carry natural gas and water, reacts with concrete over a long period, slowly degrading until the pipe fails. This can lead to what is commonly referred to as slab leaks. These occur when pipes begin to leak from within the ...

  5. Rubble trench foundation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_trench_foundation

    A steel-reinforced concrete grade beam may be poured at the surface to provide ground clearance for the structure. If an insulated slab is to be poured inside the grade beam, then the outer surface of the grade beam and the rubble trench should be insulated with rigid XPS foam board, which must be protected above grade from mechanical and UV ...

  6. Concrete slab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab

    A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel- reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving ( see below ).

  7. Waffle slab foundation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_slab_foundation

    Waffle slab foundations adhere to International Building Code requirements. By 2008, most states put into effect the changes adopted in the 2006 IBC and, in regards to foundations, the on-grade mat foundation has become a more attractive design because, as an engineered system, it already accommodates the 2008 design recommendations, and required no major modifications to bring it into compliance.