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In mathematics, the definite integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} is the area of the region in the xy -plane bounded by the graph of f , the x -axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , such that area above the x -axis adds to the total, and that below the x -axis subtracts from the total.
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
An alternative approach (Hewitt & Stromberg 1965) is to define the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral as the Daniell integral that extends the usual Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Let g be a non-decreasing right-continuous function on [a, b], and define I( f ) to be the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
Sum rule in integration; Constant factor rule in integration; Linearity of integration; Arbitrary constant of integration; Cavalieri's quadrature formula; Fundamental theorem of calculus; Integration by parts; Inverse chain rule method; Integration by substitution. Tangent half-angle substitution; Differentiation under the integral sign ...
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form:
Improper integral; Indicator function; Integral of secant cubed; Integral of the secant function; Integral operator; Integral test for convergence; Integration by parts; Integration by parts operator; Integration by reduction formulae; Integration by substitution; Integration using Euler's formula; Integration using parametric derivatives; Itô ...
For a line integral over a scalar field, the integral can be constructed from a Riemann sum using the above definitions of f, C and a parametrization r of C. This can be done by partitioning the interval [a, b] into n sub-intervals [t i−1, t i] of length Δt = (b − a)/n, then r(t i) denotes some point, call it a sample point, on the curve C.