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The perioeci were obliged to follow Spartan foreign policy, and supplied men to fight in the Spartan army. [8] Like the hómoioi (ὅμοιοι, full Spartan citizens), the perioeci fought in the army as hoplites, probably in the same units. [9] The perioeci had the right to own land, which would have been necessary to support those in the army ...
The Spartan army was the principle ground force of Sparta. ... Perioeci (the "dwellers nearby"), who were free non-citizens. They were generally merchants, craftsmen ...
The Perioeci carried out most of the trade and commerce since Spartiates were forbidden from engaging in commercial activity. [3] Spartiate-class people were expected to be supported by their kleroi and Helots and to abstain from any activities other than what is related to military conflict.
Paul Cartledge hazards that the revolt of helots and perioeci led the Spartans to reorganize their army and integrate the perioeci into the citizen hoplite regiments. Certainly a system where citizens and non-citizens fought together in the same regiments was unusual for Greece. [53]
Perioikoic hoplites served increasingly with the Spartan army, explicitly at the Battle of Plataea, and although they may also have fulfilled functions such as the manufacture and repair of armour and weapons, [105] they were increasingly integrated into the combat units of the Spartan army as the Spartiate population declined.
The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was in 324 BC, in the oration Against Demosthenes by the Athenian logographer Dinarchus.He mentions the Sacred Band as being led by the general Pelopidas and, alongside Epaminondas who commanded the army of Thebes (Boeotia), were responsible for the defeat of the Spartans at the decisive Battle of Leuctra (371 BC).
Perioeci: 460 BC 445 BC First Peloponnesian War: Delian League led by Athens,Argos: Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, Thebes: 460 BC 454 BC Rebellion of Inaros II: Persian Empire. XXVII Dynasty of Egypt. Egyptian rebels led by Inaros II: 449 BC 448 BC Second Sacred War. Part of the First Peloponnesian War. Phocis: Sparta. Delphi. 440 BC 440 ...
Additionally, the other class of working population in Spartan society were the perioeci meaning “dwellers around” who were free peoples of conquered territories. The perioeci were allowed to maintain their own infrastructures, administrative arrangements and local economy, but had to pay tribute to Sparta and provide soldiers for the military.