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In plants, the xanthophyll lutein is the most abundant carotenoid and its role in preventing age-related eye disease is currently under investigation. [5] Lutein and the other carotenoid pigments found in mature leaves are often not obvious because of the masking presence of chlorophyll. When chlorophyll is not present, as in autumn foliage ...
Vitamin A occurs as two principal forms in foods: A) retinoids, found in animal-sourced foods, either as retinol or bound to a fatty acid to become a retinyl ester, and B) the carotenoids α-carotene (alpha-carotene), β-carotene, γ-carotene (gamma-carotene), and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all of which contain β-ionone rings) that ...
[28] [29] Another carotenoid, lutein is also found in different organs but it is one of the most preferred carotenoids of the brain and its retina and of the ovaries. [30] [31] This different affinity of different carotenoids to different organs can be used for more targeted delivery of hydrophobic bioactive molecules.
β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, [7] plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes , which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons .
β-Carotene is composed of two retinyl groups, and is broken down in the mucosa of the human small intestine by β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase to retinal,a form of vitamin A. β-Carotene can be stored in the liver and body fat and converted to retinal as needed, thus making it a form of vitamin A for humans and some other mammals.
Red, blue, and purple colors of berries derive mainly from polyphenol phytochemicals called anthocyanins. Cucurbita fruits, including squash and pumpkin, typically have high content of the phytochemical pigments called carotenoids.
Meso-zeaxanthin (3R,3′S-zeaxanthin) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, and is one of the three stereoisomers of zeaxanthin.The meso-form is the second most abundant in nature, after 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin, which is produced by plants and algae. [1]
A 2018 meta-analysis found that both dietary and circulating α-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.The highest circulating α-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 32% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while increased dietary α-carotene intake was linked to a 21% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.