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  2. Packing problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_problems

    Packing of irregular objects is a problem not lending itself well to closed form solutions; however, the applicability to practical environmental science is quite important. For example, irregularly shaped soil particles pack differently as the sizes and shapes vary, leading to important outcomes for plant species to adapt root formations and ...

  3. Lists of shapes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_shapes

    Lists of shapes cover different types of geometric shape and related topics. They include mathematics topics and other lists of shapes, such as shapes used by drawing ...

  4. Shoelace formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula

    Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]

  5. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  6. Missing square puzzle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_square_puzzle

    A true 13×5 triangle cannot be created from the given component parts. The four figures (the yellow, red, blue and green shapes) total 32 units of area. The apparent triangles formed from the figures are 13 units wide and 5 units tall, so it appears that the area should be S = ⁠ 13×5 / 2 ⁠ = 32.5 units.

  7. Area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area

    A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number. There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles.

  8. Tetrahedron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron

    An irregular volume in space can be approximated by an irregular triangulated surface, and irregular tetrahedral volume elements. In numerical analysis , complicated three-dimensional shapes are commonly broken down into, or approximated by, a polygonal mesh of irregular tetrahedra in the process of setting up the equations for finite element ...

  9. List of second moments of area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second_moments_of_area

    The following is a list of second moments of area of some shapes. The second moment of area, also known as area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with respect to an arbitrary axis. The unit of dimension of the second moment of area is length to fourth power, L 4, and should not ...