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Its authors have divided Elementary Number Theory, Group Theory and Ramanujan Graphs into four chapters. The first of these provides background in graph theory, including material on the girth of graphs (the length of the shortest cycle), on graph coloring, and on the use of the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs for which both the girth and the number of colors needed are ...
James Victor Uspensky (Russian: Яков Викторович Успенский, romanized: Yakov Viktorovich Uspensky; April 29, 1883 – January 27, 1947) was a Russian and American mathematician notable for writing Theory of Equations.
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The use of complex analysis in number theory comes later: the work of Bernhard Riemann (1859) on the zeta function is the canonical starting point; [77] Jacobi's four-square theorem (1839), which predates it, belongs to an initially different strand that has by now taken a leading role in analytic number theory (modular forms).
Many mathematicians then attempted to construct elementary proofs of the theorem, without success. G. H. Hardy expressed strong reservations; he considered that the essential "depth" of the result ruled out elementary proofs: No elementary proof of the prime number theorem is known, and one may ask whether it is reasonable to expect one.
The thirteen books cover Euclidean geometry and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory. With the exception of Autolycus' On the Moving Sphere, the Elements is one of the oldest extant Greek mathematical treatises, [9] and it is the oldest extant axiomatic deductive treatment of mathematics.
In elementary number theory, the lifting-the-exponent lemma (LTE lemma) provides several formulas for computing the p-adic valuation of special forms of integers. The lemma is named as such because it describes the steps necessary to "lift" the exponent of p {\displaystyle p} in such expressions.
An elementary number is one formalization of the concept of a closed-form number. The elementary numbers form an algebraically closed field containing the roots of arbitrary expressions using field operations, exponentiation, and logarithms. The set of the elementary numbers is subdivided into the explicit elementary numbers and the implicit ...