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A mobile clinic used to screen coal miners at risk of black lung disease. Mass screening: The screening of a whole population or subgroup. It is offered to all, irrespective of the risk status of the individual. High risk or selective screening: High risk screening is conducted only among high-risk people.
A health risk assessment (HRA) is a health questionnaire, used to provide individuals with an evaluation of their health risks and quality of life. [5] Commonly a HRA incorporates three key elements – an extended questionnaire, a risk calculation or score, and some form of feedback, i.e. face-to-face with a health advisor or an automatic online report.
The main aim of screening is to identify risk factors early and adopt preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Early identification of risk factors can lead to timely interventions, such as lifestyle changes, medications, or surgical treatment.
In 2006, results of CT screening on over 31,000 high-risk patients – an expansion study of the Early Lung Cancer Action Project – was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. [22] In this study, 85% of the 484 detected lung cancers were stage I and thus highly treatable.
Population level screening is another use case for polygenic scores. The goal of population-level screening is to identify patients at high risk for a disease who would benefit from an existing treatment. [75] Polygenic scores can identify a subset of the population at high risk that could benefit from screening.
Providing mobile screening units parked in supermarket car parks, for example in the poorer areas of Manchester, was a viable approach for offering lung checks to high-risk groups (such as smokers). [22] A simple test measured obstruction to the airflow in and out of the lungs. [22]
The results: 82% of patients had low risk (10% or less CHD risk at 10 years). 16% had intermediate risk (10-20%). 3% had high risk (20% or more). [23] High risk was most commonly found in patients with advanced age and was more common in men than women. [medical citation needed]
In general, women with low risk are recommended to screen less frequently, while screening is intensified in those at high risk. The NCI (National Cancer Institute) provides a free breast cancer risk assessment tool online that utilizes the Gail Model to predict risk of developing invasive breast cancer based on a woman's personal information. [43]