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Myogenic ptosis, which includes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, ocular myopathy, simple congenital ptosis and blepharophimosis syndrome. Aponeurotic ptosis, which may be involutional or postoperative. Mechanical ptosis, which is the result of edema or tumors of the upper lid.
Blepharophimosis forms a part of blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), also called blepharophimosis syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by blepharophimosis, ptosis (upper eyelid drooping), epicanthus inversus (skin folds by the nasal bridge, more prominent lower than upper lid) and telecanthus (widening of the distance between the inner ...
There are also several abnormal cranial nerve synkineses, both acquired and congenital. Marcus Gunn jaw-winking is an example of a pathologic congenital synkinesis. First described by the ophthalmologist Marcus Gunn in 1883, [3] this condition presents in approximately 5% of neonates with congenital ptosis.
Reconstructive surgery is usually required in order to increase cranial space, correct tear duct stenosis, and/or correct ptosis of the eyelids in order to prevent amblyopia (lazy eye). [2] Midfacial surgery may also be required during early childhood to correct respiratory problems, dental malocclusion, and swallowing
Blepharoplasty is generally a relatively safe surgery, but possible complications include hematoma/ecchymosis, lagophthalmos (incomplete or abnormal closure of the eyelids), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), scarring, dry eyes, orbital hematoma/compartment syndrome, lymphedema, and ocular motility disorders. [13]
Ptosis repair for droopy eyelid. Ectropion repair; Entropion repair [7] Canthal resection; A canthectomy is the surgical removal of tissue at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids. [8] Cantholysis is the surgical division of the canthus. [8] Canthopexy is the surgical fixation of the canthus. A canthoplasty is plastic surgery at the ...