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Conscientious objection must be "sincere and meaningful" and occupy "a place in the life of its possessor parallel to that filled by an orthodox belief in God". [4] Any mixture of sincere religious, moral, or ethical beliefs can qualify as conscientious objection. [5]
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" [1] ... Journal of Medical Ethics 38.1 (2012): 18–21.
According to Nancy Berlinger, of the bioethics research institute The Hastings Center, "...Conscientious objection in health care always has a social dimension and ...Laws and professional guidelines on conscientious objection in health care must balance the respect for an individual’s beliefs against the well-being of the general public." [1]
If the health personnel demands to be conscientious objector, they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger. [9] Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors.
It is much more controversial than blanket conscientious objection based on consistent pacifism. [1] Views on selective conscientious objection range from being morally impermissible, morally permissible, a right that may be exercised, or morally obligatory in the case of military personnel asked to fight an illegal war of aggression. [2]
The goal of the service is to clarify issues and reach decisions in ethical issues such as end-of-life decisions, decision-making capacity, treatment refusal, informed consent, confidentiality, safe discharge and provider conscientious objection. [6] Dubler described the ethics consult service in her 1992 book, Ethics on Call: Taking Charge of ...
An individual exercising this freedom may be called a conscientious objector. [a] The right to freedom of conscience is recognized by several international conventions, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. [2]
United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the exemption from the military draft for conscientious objectors could be reserved not only for those professing conformity with the moral directives of a supreme being but also for those whose views on war derived from a "sincere and meaningful belief which occupies in the life of its ...