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Conscientious objection is also recognized by the Department of Defense. [3] The Department of Defense defines conscientious objection as a "firm, fixed, and sincere objection to participation in war in any form or the bearing of arms, by reason of religious training and/or belief". [3] It defines "religious training and/or belief" as:
The court sided with Sicurella and determined that the Department of Justice could not assume that Congress had intended to include hypothetical theocratic wars in its requirements for conscientious objector status. In the court opinion, Justice Clark wrote that Congress clearly intended for the requirement to only reflect "real shooting wars". [3]
As for conscientious objection, in 2002, in the case of David Zonschein et al. v. Military Advocate General et al., [61] the Supreme Court reiterated its position that selective conscientious objection was not permitted, adding that conscientious objection could only be recognized in cases of general objection to military service.
According to Nancy Berlinger, of the bioethics research institute The Hastings Center, "...Conscientious objection in health care always has a social dimension and ...Laws and professional guidelines on conscientious objection in health care must balance the respect for an individual’s beliefs against the well-being of the general public." [1]
United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163 (1965), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the exemption from the military draft for conscientious objectors could be reserved not only for those professing conformity with the moral directives of a supreme being but also for those whose views on war derived from a "sincere and meaningful belief which occupies in the life of its ...
Gillette v. United States, 401 U.S. 437 (1971), is a decision from the Supreme Court of the United States, adding constraints on the terms of conscientious objection resulting from draftees in the Selective Service. [1]
The Republican arguments made in opposition to the Supreme Court nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson, the first Black woman justice on the high court, may not quickly recede from popular memory.
The Supreme Court has ruled in cases United States v. Seeger [125] (1965) and Welsh v. United States [126] (1970) that conscientious objection can be by non-religious beliefs as well as religious beliefs; but it has also ruled in Gillette v. United States (1971) against objections to specific wars as grounds for conscientious objection. [127]