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  2. Black Codes (United States) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)

    The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...

  3. Black Reconstruction in America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in...

    After three short chapters profiling the black worker, the white worker, and the planter, Du Bois argues in the fourth chapter that the decision gradually taken by slaves on the Southern plantations to stop working during the war was an example of a potential general strike force of four million slaves the Southern elite had not reckoned with.

  4. Reconstruction Amendments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments

    The Reconstruction Amendments, or the Civil War Amendments, are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870. [1] The amendments were a part of the implementation of the Reconstruction of the American South which occurred after the Civil War .

  5. Reconstruction era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era

    An Electoral Commission resulted in the Compromise of 1877, which awarded the election to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes on the understanding that federal troops would be withdrawn from the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to an end. Post-Civil War efforts to enforce federal civil rights protections in the South ended in 1890 with the ...

  6. Southern Homestead Act of 1866 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866

    The law was enacted to break a cycle of debt during the Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Prior to this act, black Americans and whites alike were having trouble buying land. Sharecropping and tenant farming had become ways of life. This act attempted to solve this by selling land at low prices so Southerners could buy it.

  7. Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the...

    The American Civil War ended in 1865, marking the start of the Reconstruction era in the eleven former [8] Confederate states. Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts , starting in 1867, establishing military districts to oversee the affairs of these states pending reconstruction.

  8. Civil rights movement (1865–1896) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865...

    Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867. Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 to the Compromise of 1877. [1] [2]The major issues faced by President Abraham Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves (called "Freedmen"), the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels, the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states, the powers of the federal government needed to ...

  9. History of unfree labor in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_unfree_labor_in...

    The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.