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The atomic binding energy of the atom is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. [4] It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom. The atomic binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electrons with the nucleus, mediated by photons.
Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, known collectively as nucleons. The binding energy for stable nuclei is always a positive number, as the nucleus must gain energy for the nucleons to move apart from each other.
The bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) [4] is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R—X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Dº(R—X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation,
The gravitational binding energy of a system is the minimum energy which must be added to it in order for the system to cease being in a gravitationally bound state.
Conversely, energy is released when a nucleus is created from free nucleons or other nuclei: the nuclear binding energy. Because of mass–energy equivalence (i.e. Einstein's formula E = mc 2), releasing this energy causes the mass of the nucleus to be lower than the total mass of the individual nucleons, leading to the so-called "mass defect". [6]
This energy is known as Binding Energy. Upon binding to a catalyst, substrates partake in numerous stabilizing forces while within the active site (e.g. hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces ). Specific and favorable bonding occurs within the active site until the substrate forms to become the high-energy transition state.
Exciton binding energy and radius can be extracted from optical absorption measurements in applied magnetic fields. [ 5 ] The exciton as a quasiparticle is characterized by the momentum (or wavevector K ) describing free propagation of the electron-hole pair as a composite particle in the crystalline lattice in agreement with the Bloch theorem .
The nuclear binding energy is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts. [30] The mass of an atom is less than the sum of the masses of its constituents due to the attraction of the strong nuclear force. [31]