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Caused by M 7.5 earthquake, the landslide caused a megatsunami with a run-up of 524 metres (1,719 ft) in Lituya Bay. [89] 17 Aug 1959 Madison Canyon, southwestern Montana, United States 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake: 38 MCM 28–36 Caused by M 7.2 to 7.5 earthquake. Dammed the Madison River, creating Quake Lake. [90] 22 May 1960 Riñihue Lake, Chile
Most likely underwater volcanism associated with the Caribbean large igneous province, which would have caused global warming and acidic oceans [14] Aptian extinction: 117 Ma: Unknown, but may be due to volcanism of the Rajmahal Traps [15] Jurassic: End-Jurassic (Tithonian) 145 Ma
Geologic time shown in a diagram called a geological clock, showing the relative lengths of the eons of Earth's history and noting major events. The geological history of the Earth follows the major geological events in Earth's past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock ...
The fourth mass extinction was the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event in which almost all synapsids and archosaurs became extinct, probably due to new competition from dinosaurs. [183] The fifth and most recent mass extinction was the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.
Later, species diversify and occupy empty niches. Generally, it takes millions of years for biodiversity to recover after extinction events. [195] In the most severe mass extinctions it may take 15 to 30 million years. [194] The worst Phanerozoic event, the Permian–Triassic extinction, devastated life on Earth, killing over 90% of species.
Gondwana (/ ɡ ɒ n d ˈ w ɑː n ə /) [1] was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent.The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian Subcontinent.
The bubonic plague, often referred to as the Black Death, is one of the most infamous pandemics in history. It ravaged Europe, Asia, and North Africa during the 14th century, peaking between 1347 ...
Isotopes are atoms of the element that differ in mass but share the same general properties. Geologists are most interested in the decay of isotopes carbon-14 (into nitrogen-14) and potassium-40 (into argon-40). Carbon-14 aka radiocarbon dating works for organic materials that are less than about 50,000 years old.