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This means that for every 4 units (feet or metres) of horizontal distance there is a 1 unit (foot or metre) vertical change either up or down." [3] Any of these may be used. Grade is usually expressed as a percentage - converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade ...
To compensate for this, the gradient should be a little less steep the sharper the curve is; the necessary grade reduction is assumed to be given by a simple formula such as 0.04 per cent per "degree of curve", the latter being a measure of curve sharpness used in the United States. On a 10-degree curve (radius 573.7 feet) the grade would thus ...
1 in 17.1 (5.88%) Docklands Light Railway, London, England: On the ramp from the original London and Blackwall Railway viaduct to the tunnel leading to Bank. 1 in 17.5 (5.7%) Mukilteo, Washington, United States, Boeing Factory Spur Rail line for delivering parts shipped from overseas to the Boeing Everett Factory. 1 in 18 (5.5%)
Typically on straight road sections, the drainage gradient is at least 1–3% due to the normal cross slope of 1–3%. In curved sections the drainage gradient is higher, and may often reach 5–12% due to superelevated CS that may reach 5–8% in areas with icy roads and up to 12% in areas without icy roads.
Nappe flow regimes occur for small discharges and flat slopes. If the discharge is increased or the slope of the channel is increased, a skimming flow regime can occur (Shahheydari et al. 2015). Nappe flow has pockets of air at each step whereas skimming flow does not. The onset of skimming flow can be defined as: (d c)=1.057*h - 0.465*h 2 /l ...
An example of the potential complexity of grade separation, seen in the Jane Byrne Interchange in Chicago Seven various overpasses for grade separation in Spain near Barcelona Rail-rail grade separation in Xiaoshan, China The concept of grade separation includes all transport modes, such as a simple pedestrian bridge over rail tracks.